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The Heresy of the Free Spirit was originally the name given from the late thirteenth to fifteenth centuries to a set of heretical beliefs believed to be held by some Christians, especially in the Low Countries, Germany, France, Bohemia and northern Italy, which caused great unease among Church leaders at the time. The set of errors condemned in the bull ''Ad nostrum'' at the Council of Vienne (1311-2) has often been used by historians to typify the core beliefs, though there was great variation during the period over how the heresy was defined, and there is great debate over how far the individuals and groups accused of holding the beliefs (including Marguerite Porete, beguines, beghards, and Meister Eckhart) actually held the views attributed to them.〔Both Robert E. Lerner, ''The Heresy of the Free Spirit in the Late Middle Ages'', (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1972) and Malcolm Lambert, ''Medieval Heresy'', 2nd edn, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992) agree that the so-called “heresy of the free spirit” never actually existed, even in the early fourteenth century, at least not in the form of specific doctrines promoted by any organised body, still less by any sect and least of all by the Beguines or Beghards.〕 The meaning of the term has in more recent times been extended to apply to the beliefs of other Christian individuals and groups, active both before and after the core period of the late Middle Ages. ==Origins== The set of beliefs ascribed to the Free Spirits is first to be found in a text called the ''Compilatio de novo spiritu'' put together by Albert the Great in the 1270s, concerning a group of persons investigated in the Swabian Ries area of Germany.〔Bernard McGinn, ''The Harvest of Mysticism in Medieval Germany'', (New York: Crossroad, 2005), p63.〕 The themes which occur in these documents, and which would emerge again in subsequent investigations, included: *Autotheism – in other words, a belief that the perfected soul and God are indistinguishably one. This was often expressed through the language of indistinction or annihilation. This belief would be heretical because it would undermine the necessary distinction between fallen created being and creator. * Denial of the necessity of Christ, the church and its sacraments for salvation – such that austerity and reliance on the Holy Spirit was believed to be sufficient for salvation. They believed that they could communicate directly with God and did not need the Catholic Church for intercession. * Use of the language of erotic union with Christ. * Antinomian statements (“Nothing is a sin except what is thought to be a sin”). Critics of the Free Spirit interpreted their beliefs to mean that they considered themselves to be incapable of sin and above the moral conduct of the Church.〔Michael D. Bailey, "Battling Demons: Witchcraft, Heresy, and Reform in the Late Middle Ages", (Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003) , 56.〕 Verses such as Galatians 5.18 (“Those who are driven or led by the Spirit of God are no longer under the law”) were seen as foundational to such beliefs. * Anticlerical sentiment. During the late thirteenth century, such concerns increasingly became applied to the various unregulated religious groups such as beguines and beghards, who had greatly increased in number in the preceding decades. Concerns over such sentiments then began to occur elsewhere, especially during the 1300s, and especially in Italy. Partly motivated by such concerns, in 1308 Pope Clement V summoned a general council, which met at Vienne from October 1311 to May 1312. In particular, it had to engage with the report from the Paris inquisition (1308–10) into the beguine Marguerite Porete’s ''The Mirror of Simple Souls'' (Porete’s writing, which had become well read through France, had been condemned in 1310 as heresy, and Porete had been burned at the stake) .〔Richard Kieckhefer, "Repression of Heresy in Medieval Germany", (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979) , 38-39.〕〔Bernard McGinn, ''The Harvest of Mysticism in Medieval Germany'', (New York: Crossroad, 2005), p65.〕 It was the Council of Vienne which first associated these various beliefs with the idea of the ‘Free Spirit’. 〔Bernard McGinn, ''The Harvest of Mysticism in Medieval Germany'', (New York: Crossroad, 2005), p65.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Heresy of the Free Spirit」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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